The Physics of Clinical MR Taught Through Images, Fifth Edition

  • 6h 33m
  • Johannes T. Heverhagen, Val M. Runge
  • Springer
  • 2022

The objective of this 5th edition of the book, as with the prior editions, is to teach through images a practical approach to magnetic resonance (MR) physics and image quality. Unlike other texts covering this topic, the focus is on clinical images rather than equations. A practical approach to MR physics is developed through images, emphasizing knowledge of fundamentals important to achieve high image quality. Pulse diagrams are also included, which many at first find difficult to understand. Readers are encouraged to glance at these as they go through the text. With time and repetition, as a reader progresses through the book, the value of these and the knowledge thus available will become evident (and the diagrams themselves easier to understand). The text is organized into concise chapters, each discussing an important point relevant to clinical MR and illustrated largely with images from routine patient exams. The topics covered encompass the breadth of the field, from imaging basics and pulse sequences to advanced topics including contrast-enhanced MR angiography, spectroscopy, perfusion and advanced parallel imaging/data sparsity techniques. Discussion of the latest hardware and software innovations, for example next generation low field MR, deep learning, MR-PET, 7 T, interventional MR, 4D flow, CAIPIRINHA, spiral techniques, radial acquisition, simultaneous multislice, compressed sensing and MR fingerprinting, is included because these topics are critical to current clinical practice as well as to future advances. Included in the fifth edition are a large number of new topics, keeping the text up to date in this increasingly complex field. The text has also been thoroughly revised to include additional relevant clinical images, to improve the clarity of descriptions, and to increase the depth of content.

The book is highly recommended for radiologists, physicists, and technologists interested in the background of image acquisition used in standard as well as specialized clinical settings.

About the Author

Val Murray Runge is an American and Swiss professor of radiology and the editor-in-chief of Investigative Radiology. He was one of the early researchers to investigate the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), giving the first presentation in this field (in 1982), followed two years later by the first presentation of efficacy (in 1984). His research also pioneered many early innovations in MRI, including the use of tilted planes (for standardization of brain imaging, in 1987) and respiratory gating (for liver imaging, in 1984). His publication on multiple sclerosis in 1984 represented the third and largest clinical series (to that date) investigating the role of MRI in this disease, and the first to show characteristic abnormalities on MRI in patients whose CT was negative. Runge graduated from Stanford University with a bachelor of science, with honors, in Chemistry in June 1978. He subsequently received his MD from Stanford University School of Medicine in 1982. Following completion of a diagnostic radiology residency at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in 1985, Runge was appointed as assistant professor and chief of service of magnetic resonance at Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston in 1986. In 1990 he was appointed professor of diagnostic radiology and biomedical engineering, Director of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, and the Rosenbaum Endowed Chair of Diagnostic Radiology, at the University of Kentucky Medical Center. In 2002, Runge was appointed the Robert and Alma Moreton Centennial Chair in Radiology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital, and professor of radiology at the Texas A&M Health Science Center. In 2010 he was appointed the John Sealy Distinguished Chair and Professor of Radiology at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston. Runge then spent two years in Zurich, Switzerland as a visiting professor at the University Hospital of Zürich (2013-2015). Runge lives currently in Zurich, Switzerland, having a long-term appointment as a professor and member of the faculty at Inselspital, Universitätsspital Bern. He received the title of Prof. Dr. from the University of Bern in 2019.

He is an author of more than 230 peer-reviewed papers published in the scientific literature. He is also the editor for nineteen medical textbooks, with several of these translated into other languages, including German, Chinese, Polish and Turkish. He has given more than 800 scientific and invited presentations at national and international meetings and medical schools across North America, Europe, Australia, Japan, Korea and China over the past 38 years.

Johannes T. Heverhagen is a German and Swiss professor of radiology and the chair of the University Institute of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology of the Inselspital, University Hospital of the University of Bern, Switzerland.

His research has focused on the technical and clinical development of MRI. He pioneered quantitative approaches in MRI and enabled translation of emergency CT investigations to MRI. He has also focused on the safe and efficient application of Iodine and Gd based contrast agents in diagnostic and interventional radiology. His work investigated the effect of contrast agents and DNA double strand breaks as well as short- and long-term effects of the retention of contrast agents.

Heverhagen graduated from the University of Kaiserslautern, Germany with a master of science in Physics in March 1997. He subsequently received his PhD and MD from the University Marburg, Germany in 2004 and 2007 respectively. In 2006, he was appointed as Assistant Professor for Medical Physics at the University of Marburg. Following completion of a diagnostic radiology residency at the University of Marburg in 2009, he was appointed as assistant professor and research director of the Department of Radiology at the University of Marburg. From 2002 until 2006, Heverhagen spent four years as a research scientist at the Department of Radiology at the Ohio State University. In 2006, he was appointed as adjunct professor of radiology at the Ohio State University. In 2010, he was appointed as Vice Chair of Radiology at the University of Marburg. In 2012, he was appointed as Chair of the University Institute of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology of the Inselspital, University Hospital of the University of Bern, Switzerland.

He is an author of more than 190 peer-reviewed papers published in the scientific literature. He is also the author of eleven book chapters in medical textbooks, with several of these translated into other languages, including German and Polish. He has given more than 200 scientific and invited presentations at national and international meetings and medical schools across North America, Europe, and Australia over the past 22 years.

In this Book

  • Components of an MR Scanner
  • MR Safety—Static Magnetic Field
  • MR Safety—Gradient Magnetic and Radio-Frequency Fields
  • Radio-Frequency Coils
  • Multichannel Coil Technology—Part 1
  • Multichannel Coil Technology—Part 2
  • Open MR Systems
  • Magnetic Field Effects at 3 T and Beyond
  • Mid-Field, High-Field, Ultra-High-Field (1.5, 3, 7 T)
  • Advanced Receiver Coil Design
  • Advanced Multidimensional RF Transmission Design
  • Imaging Basics—k-Space, Raw Data, Image Data
  • Image Resolution—Pixel and Voxel Size
  • Imaging Basics—Signal-to-Noise Ratio
  • Imaging Basics—Contrast-to-Noise Ratio
  • Signal-to-Noise Ratio Versus Contrast-to-Noise Ratio
  • Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Clinical 3 T
  • Slice Orientation
  • Multislice Imaging and Concatenations
  • Number of Averages
  • Slice Thickness
  • Slice Profile
  • Slice Excitation Order (in Fast Spin Echo Imaging)
  • Field of View (Overview)
  • Field of View (Phase Encoding Direction)
  • Matrix Size—Readout
  • Matrix Size—Phase Encoding
  • Partial Fourier
  • Image Interpolation (Zero Filling)
  • Specific Absorption Rate
  • T1, T2, and Proton Density
  • Calculating T1 and T2 Relaxation Times (Calculated Images)
  • Spin Echo Imaging
  • Fast Spin Echo Imaging
  • Fast Spin Echo—Reduced Refocusing Angle
  • Driven-Equilibrium Fourier Transformation (DEFT)
  • Reordering—Phase Encoding
  • Magnetization Transfer
  • Half Acquisition Single-Shot Turbo Spin Echo (HASTE)
  • Spoiled Gradient Echo
  • Refocused (Steady-State) Gradient Echo
  • Echo Planar Imaging
  • Inversion Recovery—Part 1
  • Inversion Recovery—Part 2
  • Fluid-Attenuated IR with Fat Saturation (FLAIR FS)
  • Fat Suppression—Spectral Saturation
  • Water Excitation, Fat Excitation
  • Fat Suppression—Short Tau Inversion Recovery (STIR)
  • Fat Suppression—Phase Cycling
  • Fat Suppression—Dixon
  • 3D Imaging—Basic Principles
  • Contrast Media—Gadolinium Chelates with Extracellular Distribution
  • New High-Relaxivity Gd Chelates
  • Contrast Media—Other Approaches
  • Dual-Echo Steady State (DESS)
  • Balanced Gradient Echo—Part 1
  • Balanced Gradient Echo—Part 2
  • PSIF—The Backward-Running FISP
  • Constructive Interference in a Steady State (CISS)
  • TurboFLASH
  • PETRA (UTE)
  • 3D Imaging—MP-RAGE
  • 3D Imaging—SPACE
  • Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging
  • Volume Interpolated Breath-Hold Examination (VIBE)
  • Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
  • Multishot EPI
  • Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) Imaging—Theory
  • Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) Imaging—Applications
  • Proton Spectroscopy (Theory)
  • Proton Spectroscopy (Chemical Shift Imaging)
  • Simultaneous Multislice
  • Flow Effects—Fast and Slow Flow
  • Phase Imaging—Flow
  • 2D Time-of-Flight MRA
  • 3D Time-of-Flight MRA
  • Flip Angle, TR, MT, and Field Strength (in 3D TOF MRA)
  • Phase Contrast MRA
  • 4D Flow MRI
  • Advanced Non-Contrast MRA Techniques
  • Contrast-Enhanced MRA—Basics; Renal, Abdomen
  • Contrast-Enhanced MRA—Carotid Arteries
  • Contrast-Enhanced MRA—Peripheral Circulation
  • Dynamic CE-MRA (TWIST)
  • Dynamic Susceptibility Perfusion Imaging
  • Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Brain Segmentation, Quantitative MR Imaging
  • Cardiac Morphology
  • Cardiac Function
  • Cardiac Imaging—Myocardial Perfusion
  • Cardiac Imaging—Myocardial Viability
  • T1/T2/T2* Quantitative Parametric Mapping in the Heart
  • MR Mammography—Dynamic Imaging
  • MR Mammography—Silicone
  • Hepatic Fat Quantification
  • Hepatic Iron Quantification
  • Elastography
  • Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
  • Cartilage Mapping
  • Aliasing
  • Truncation Artifacts
  • Motion—Ghosting and Smearing
  • Motion Reduction—Triggering, Gating, Navigator Echoes
  • Abdomen—Motion Correction
  • Blade (Propeller)
  • TWIST VIBE
  • Radial VIBE (StarVIBE)
  • GRASP
  • Filtering Images (To Reduce Artifacts)
  • Geometric Distortion
  • Chemical Shift—Sampling Bandwidth
  • Artifacts—Magnetic Susceptibility
  • Maximizing Magnetic Susceptibility
  • Artifacts—Metal
  • Minimizing Metal Artifacts
  • Gradient Moment Nulling
  • Spatial Saturation
  • Shaped Saturation
  • Advanced Slice/Sub-Volume Shimming
  • Flow Artifacts
  • Faster and Stronger Gradients—Part 1
  • Faster and Stronger Gradients—Part 2
  • Faster and Stronger Gradients—Part 3
  • Image Composing
  • Filtering Images (To Improve SNR)
  • Parallel Imaging—Part 1
  • Parallel Imaging—Part 2
  • CAIPIRINHA
  • Zoomed EPI
  • Compressed Sensing
  • Cardiovascular Imaging—Compressed Sensing
  • Interventional MR
  • 7 T Brain
  • 7 T Knee
  • Continuous Moving Table
  • Integrated Whole-Body MR-PET
  • 3D Evaluation—Image Post-Processing
  • Automatic Image Alignment
  • Workflow Optimization
  • MR Fingerprinting
  • Simultaneous Multislice (SMS)—An Update
  • Compressed Sensing—An Update
  • Advanced Low-Field MR—Part 1—Introduction
  • Advanced Low-Field MR—Part 2—Hardware
  • Advanced Low-Field MR—Part 3—Specific Subtopics
  • Spiral Imaging
  • Respiratory Sensing—An Update
  • GRASP—An Update
  • Deep Learning—For Imaging Reconstruction
  • Monitoring Cardiac Contraction—The Pilot Tone
  • Advocating Low-Field Imaging
  • The Clinical Strengths of 1.5 T
  • The Clinical Strengths of 3 T
  • The Clinical Strengths of 7 T
  • Low Field—Increasing Clinical Access and Further Dissemination of Healthcare
  • 1.5 T—Imaging with Metal
  • 3 T—Focused Musculoskeletal Imaging
  • 1.5 T vs. 3 T for Cardiac Imaging
  • 7 T and the Evaluation of Multiple Sclerosis
  • Acronyms
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